What Is the Copenhagen Interpretation

There is probably no area of science more bizarre and confusing than trying to understand the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. In the early part of the twentieth century, physicists such as Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and many others laid the foundation for understanding this bizarre realm of nature: quantum physics. The equations and methods of quantum physics have been refined over the last century, making astounding predictions that have been confirmed more precisely than any other scientific theory in the history of the world. Quantum mechanics works by performing an analysis on the quantum wavefunction (defined by an equation called the Schrodinger equation). The problem is that the  rule about how the quantum wavefunction work seem to  drastically conflict with the intuitions we have developed to understand our day-to-day macroscopic world. Trying to understand the underlying meaning of quantum physics has proven to be much more difficult than understanding the behaviors themselves. The most commonly taught interpretation  is known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics ... but what is it really? The Pioneers The central ideas of the Copenhagen interpretation were developed by a core group of quantum physics pioneers centered around Niels Bohrs Copenhagen Institute through the 1920s, driving an interpretation of the quantum wavefunction that has become the default conception taught in quantum physics courses.   One of the key elements of this interpretation is that the Schrodinger equation represents the probability of observing a particular outcome when an experiment is performed.  In his book The Hidden Reality, physicist Brian Greene explains it as follows: The standard approach to quantum mechanics, developed by Bohr and his group, and called the Copenhagen interpretation in their honor, envisions that whenever you try to see a probability wave, the very act of observation thwarts your attempt. The problem is that we only ever observe any physical phenomena at the macroscopic level, so the actual quantum behavior at the microscopic level is not directly available to us. As described in the book Quantum Enigma: There is no official Copenhagen interpretation. But every version grabs the bull by the horns and asserts that an observation produces the property observed. The tricky word here is observation.... The Copenhagen interpretation considers two realms: there is the macroscopic, classical realm of our measuring instruments governed by Newtons laws; and there is the microscopic, quantum realm of atoms and other small things governed by the Schrodinger equation. It argues that we never deal directly with the quantum objects of the microscopic realm. We therefore need not worry about their physical reality, or their lack of it. An existence that allows the calculation of their effects on our macroscopic instruments is enough for us to consider. The lack of an official Copenhagen interpretation is problematic, making  the exact details of the interpretation difficult  to nail down. As explained by John G. Cramer in an article entitled The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Despite an extensive literature which refers to, discusses, and criticizes the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, nowhere does there seem to be any concise statement which defines the full Copenhagen interpretation. Cramer goes on to try to define some of the central ideas that are consistently applied when speaking of  the Copenhagen interpretation, arriving at the following list: The uncertainty principle - Developed by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, this indicates that there exist pairs of conjugate variables which cannot both be measured to an arbitrary level of accuracy. In other words, there is an absolute cap imposed by quantum physics on how accurately certain pairs of measurements can be made, most commonly the measurements of position and momentum at the same time.The statistical interpretation - Developed by Max Born in 1926, this interprets the Schrodinger wave function as yielding the probability of an outcome in any given state. The mathematical process for doing this is known as the Born rule.The complementarity concept - Developed by Niels Bohr in 1928, this includes the idea of wave-particle duality and that the wave function collapse is linked to the act of making a measurement.Identification of the state vector with knowledge of the system - The Schrodinger equation contains a series of state vectors, and these vectors change over time and with o bservations to represent the knowledge of a system at any given time.The positivism of Heisenberg - This represents an emphasis on discussing solely the observable outcomes of the experiments, rather than on the meaning or underlying reality. This is an implicit (and sometimes explicit) acceptance of the philosophical concept of instrumentalism. This seems like a pretty comprehensive list of the key points behind the Copenhagen interpretation, but the interpretation is not without some fairly serious problems and has sparked many criticisms ... which are worth addressing on their own individually. Origin of the Phrase Copenhagen Interpretation As mentioned above, the exact nature of the Copenhagen interpretation has always been a bit nebulous. One of the earliest references to the idea of this was in Werner Heisenbergs 1930 book  The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, wherein he referenced the Copenhagen spirit of quantum theory. But at that time—and for several years after—it was also really the only interpretation of quantum mechanics (even though there were some differences between its adherents), so there was no need to distinguish it with its own name. It only began to be referred to as the Copenhagen interpretation when alternative approaches, such as David Bohms hidden-variables approach and Hugh Everetts Many Worlds Interpretation, arose to challenge the established interpretation. The term Copenhagen interpretation is generally attributed to Werner Heisenberg when he was speaking in the 1950s against these alternative interpretations. Lectures using the phrase Copenhagen Interpretation appeared in Heisenbergs 1958 collection of essays,  Physics and Philosophy.

Differences Between Modernism And Modernism - 1174 Words

There were two different periods that attempted to do something revolutionary. These two fields were the romantics period and modernists period. In the early twentieth century, both the romantics and modernists periods were known for artists disregarding the old rule-books and discovering new ground. Artists attempted to create something that was different from the past. Whether it was using a newer technique or expanding their creativity. The romantic period focused on the creativity of an individual’s art. However, after reading the two lectures, I believe the modernism period is when artists really started to discover innovative ways to create art. There were many artists in each genre of painting, composing, and poetry who had strong†¦show more content†¦One may not realize what he is trying to portray within his paintings. I found Picasso’s painting of â€Å"Guernica† rather interesting because of how unique and interesting it is. Picasso created th is photo to reenact what happened during Spain’s Civil War. In the 1930s, Spain was a part of a deadly civil war. The city of Guernica was ruined and thousand of people died throughout this war. There is a lot going on throughout this painting and to some, can seem overwhelming. When I first looked at this painting, I was confused how it looks like the war. This painting has no color to it and it also has very sharp angles. Picasso’s paintings do discard the old rule-book. This artifact discards the old rule-book in some ways but fails to discard the old rule-book in other ways. All of Picasso pieces of art break new ground because of the technique he used to create each piece. Creating a piece that has so many sharp angles and it overlaps each other. This painting looks like multiple paintings combined into one. Picasso used cubism in his paintings. Cubism is defined as a painting with exaggerated shapes that are rearranged to make a certain object. This means a human ’s face created by Picasso would not look like a normal face. It would be created out of shapes and different angles. Picasso was known for creating these types of paintings. Cubism gave new paintings more volume when in the past, paintings didn’t have this type of technique and didn’t haveShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1411 Words   |  6 PagesThere are a lot of differences between modernism and postmodernism. The first is that modernism began in the late 19th century and lasted until the 20th century, specifically from the year 1890s to 1945. According to Oak (2008), â€Å"†¦ modernism and postmodernism highlights the difference in the approaches towards life.† A good example would be, during the modernist era rational and logical thinking was encouraged as well as being objective and postmodernism does not and is subjective. My chosen majorRead MoreDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1576 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the key differences between Modernism and Postmodernism as architectural movements? I was looking at differences and similarity between the Modern and Post-modern Architectures movement in the 20th century’s, and found inspiration in the movements and the way the two movements has made a massive impact in the world of Architecture world Modernism Looking into the modernRead MoreDifferences and Similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism863 Words   |  3 PagesTo fully appreciate the differences and similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism, it is required to understand exactly what they are. Modernism is the term we give to the accumulated creations and activities of designers in the early 20th century, who had the theory that traditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of theRead MoreEssay on Modern and Post-Modernism Architecture 1070 Words   |  5 PagesThere is often some confusion when people start talking about the post-modernism and modernism in architecture in terms of   their philosophical terminology diff erences. Modern architecture is known for its minimalism (Linder, 2004); buildings were functional and economical rather than comfortable and beautifully decorated. The post-modernism architecture, however, is called a â€Å"neo-eclectic, significantly assuming the role of a regeneration of period styles for designing houses, and a never-endingRead More Dialectic Neocapitalist Theory In The Works Of Tarantino779 Words   |  4 PagesTarantino and Derridaist reading In the works of Tarantino, a predominant concept is the concept of dialectic truth. However, Baudrillard promotes the use of modernism to read and modify class. Many desituationisms concerning the role of the participant as poet exist. If one examines prematerial Marxism, one is faced with a choice: either accept modernism or conclude that the task of the participant is deconstruction, given that prematerial Marxism is invalid. Therefore, the premise of dialectic neocapitalistRead MoreEssay on Difference of Modernism and Post Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pages Modernism and Post Modernism Have you ever wondered what the differences are between the modernism and post modernism? It seems like it would be easy to describe what they are by the words and what they are usually associated with. Yet, it’s actually a lot different then your thinking. Modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama, which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. Modernists want the absolute truthRead MorePost-Modernism Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica seems to be trying to learn more about the ingredients of her melting pot. These efforts can be best understood by examining post-modernism. Post-modernism is especially important to breaking down stereotypes such as those that exist surrounding the black family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To understand post-modernism we must first understand modernism. Modernism is the philosophy that began with the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was an era when science and art flourished. 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Unwanted Sexual Experiences Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Unwanted Sexual Experiences. Answer: Introduction This article is going to give a summary on the topic unwanted but consensual sex among adults. It will discuss about the fact that how recent research has shown that people give their consent to sexual activities like petting kissing and even intercourse but however they do not want to, therefore many people has started engaging themselves in sexual interaction through social media which is known as sexting and give a brief summary on this topic. Further it will give a critical evaluation on this particular topic and will give a review on the ideas and arguments that is being presented and finally. Lastly it will give a conclusion by jotting down the major points of the argument and giving an overall gist of the research article. Summary This article deals with some major issues of our society and how peoples psychology works, the communication these days are mostly dependent on the computer-mediated communication like social networking and texting, has become very popular in terms of personal communication among the adults. Sexting has become a major mode of consensual communication. These sexual behaviors have become a regular thing in the extended world. These computer mediated communication have become more popular because these take less persuasion and the conversation can be entirely fabricated. Therefore the main objective of this research is to examine the frequency of unwanted but consensual sexting as well as the motivations foe attachment patterns associated with this behavior. This type of activity is mainly done by young adults of this generation and has been found between this age group. The characteristic of these types of sexual activity in a relationship are a subjected to this sexual compliance. (Bu rkett, 2015) The researchers suggest that approximately one half of the sample has engaged in unwanted but consensual sexting with a committed partner. It has been observed that mostly these types of consensual sexting are done for flirtation or foreplay to fulfill their respective partners need. This research basically shows that how the computer is becoming more real for people than the real world. People have become so dependent on this technological world to fulfill their needs from this as well. This article includes the field of exploring the use on groups, individuals and society. To an extant this behavior also comes from the emotional stability of a person. For instance it has been reported that 50% of women reported engaging in unwanted consensual sex as opposed 35% men. (Tobin, Drouin, 2013) According to the research this difference is because the sexual urges of a man is much more than a woman and therefore just meet their partner sexual urges most of the women gave int o unwanted consensual sex with which they can satisfy their need. This article shows how the non virgin females also support this unwanted consensual sex as this save their virginity and fulfill their needs. It has been a plus for both men and women as for those men who are shy and are not comfortable, and it is also good for women who want to save their virginity and yet experience consensual sex through sexting. Critical Evaluation According to Lehrer, Lehrer and Koss (2013), the prevailing model of sexual wanting polarizes sexual activities into two varieties, the wanted consensual sexual activity and the unwanted non consensual sexual activity. Other than the basic logical cause of this type of computer-mediate sex is that to an extent its safe, but research has shown that there are people who are in a romantic relationship and have desire of getting intimate with their partner, yet they avoid it and stick to sexting just because they fear that their respective partners might abandon them. Therefore they stick to this cause just because of fear. According to Akre et al., (2013), people who have high attachment anxiety are more inclined towards sex for emotional intimacy and closeness. On the other hand people who avoid attachment and emotional closeness they are more into casual sex. In this research according to the primary research it shows that a great number of women are subjected to both anxious and avoi dant attachment and they are more driven towards unwanted but consensual sexual experience. This kind of consensual sex might take the generation towards a negative environment which will make a robotic society. There will be no intimacy and emotion left, sexting or any kind of interaction makes a person more distant from the real world. On the other hand Drouin, and Tobin (2014), stated that by both men and women has different reason for engaging themselves into this unwanted sex. According to the secondary data this type of activity is mainly done by young adults of this generation and has been found between this age group. For the young generation and especially for girls it has become even safer as there is no fear of getting pregnant, therefore through this consensual sex, they can fulfill their needs as well. According to Katz and Schneider (2015), this kind of sexual relationship is changing the world into robotic place; this can push people towards emptiness. It made every i ndividuals relationship more complicated, it is understood that these days life has been busy and thereafter people have no time to communicate to each other. Social media has already brought a tremendous change in the word; it has already decreased face to face contact with people and now the most private and special intimacy. As per Jozkowski (2014), most of the young adults think that this is an easy access to intimacy and most of the youngster promotes intimacy in this gesture. Researchers believe that in this way they are able to satisfy their partner and avoid the tension of getting pregnant. This new idea has given out both positive and negative effects in the society. However this will end up in a more Conclusion The article shows that computer is taking up on human behavior. Initially people used to go behind technology to talk to each other and now they are going behind technology to have physical intimacy. As per the research this unwanted consensual sex has a strong outcome and people are encouraging this and adapting this way of intimacy. This article shows that the sexual need is there in every human being be it men or women, but their way to express it has changed with time. References Akre, C., Chabloz, J. M., Belanger, R. E., Michaud, P. A., Suris, J. C. (2013). Unwanted sexual experiences among adolescents: shedding light on the gray zone between consensual and non-consensual sex.International journal of adolescent medicine and health,25(1), 69-74. Burkett, M. (2015). Sex (t) talk: A qualitative analysis of young adults negotiations of the pleasures and perils of sexting.Sexuality Culture,19(4), 835-863. Drouin, M., Tobin, E. (2014). Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults: Relations with attachment and sexual motivations.Computers in Human Behavior,31, 412-418. Drouin, M., Ross, J., Tobin, E. (2015). Sexting: a new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?.Computers in human behavior,50, 197-204. Jozkowski, K. N., Sanders, S., Peterson, Z. D., Dennis, B., Reece, M. (2014). Consenting to sexual activity: The development and psychometric assessment of dual measures of consent.Archives of sexual behavior,43(3), 437-450. Katz, J., Schneider, M. E. (2015). (Hetero) sexual compliance with unwanted casual sex: Associations with feelings about first sex and sexual self-perceptions.Sex Roles,72(9-10), 451-461. Lehrer, J. A., Lehrer, E. L., Koss, M. P. (2013). Unwanted sexual experiences in young men: Evidence from a survey of university students in Chile.Archives of sexual behavior,42(2), 213-223. Tobin, E., Drouin, M. (2013). Sexting: a possible route to physical and sexual covictimization. In16th annual student research and creative endeavor symposium, Fort Wayne, I

Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? Paper O Romeo, Romeo. Brave Mercutios dead! shouts Benvolio in despair, informing Romeo that Mercutio had become the first fatality in a scene which shows that it is the heart of the play, and a main turning point in Shakespeares first tragedy. Leading to Romeos vengeance and eviction. This act exaggerates a twist of moments and is at the brink of Romeo and Juliet. This is what makes Romeo and Juliet one of the Shakespeares famous quartet of tragedies. Act 3, scene 1 has the most powerful and exiting words in the play. It contains the passionate and explosive words of Mercutio and the calming phrases of Benvolio. The Language itself is a combination of wit, humor, wordplay, prose, curses and more. Benvolio starts the scene nervously and anxiously with pathetic fallacy, the day is hot and Capulets abroad, speaking to Mercutio in blank verse. Mercutio then replies with no respect speaking in prose using wit and riddles to wind up Benvolio. Benvolios quarto echoes his speech in Act 1, Scene 1. As Tybalt enters, the language changes from random talk of nothingness and dreams to antagonizing wit and bawdy humor. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scene could easily be a comedy or a romance if it wasnt for what comes up next in this scene. As the first person becomes a victim in a brawl of both fighting and of extremities of language, this is what contributes to the scene being the turning point in the play. This play may a battle between 2 families to get rid of each other, but it is also a battle of wittiness and how smart you are. Romeo and Tybalt fight with words in Act 3, Scene 1 as Tybalt and Romeo argue in uneven 11 syllables Romeo then performs a classic caesura to get one better than him. The context of the speech and language is meaningful, and the way in which the line is read or understood by the audience can change it in many ways. The structure of Act 3, scene 1 is important to how it is a turning point in the play as whole. It plays a role of increased tension and excitement. The scene is arguably split up into 6 sections. The first in which is Tybalt enters and contains a number of 33 lines, it is quite long because Mercutio and Tybalt banter to each to each other with wit. This builds tension a little bit as it reflects back to the very beginning of the play where Benvolio and Mercutio have a conversation that if the Capulets arrive they shall not scape a brawl. The next virtual section is Romeo enters. This contains the varying tension, for example, just before Romeo enters Tybalt says well peace be with you the tension then drops but suddenly rises when he says, here comes my man. As there are only 18 lines in this segment the pace quickens in speed and does the tension and excitement. The longest division however is the Princes judgment, this contains 60 lines as it is descriptive and over viewing with Benvolios speech of plead and the Princes judgment of exile. This structure contains themes on which it may be set up, e.g. Love, violence, death, despair and vengeance. These are the main themes in the scene, however there are a few hidden ones also. Betrayal is one, Mercutio gets betrayed by Romeo as he loves Tybalt. This may also be a flashback as in Act 1 Scene 5 Juliet is betrayed by the nurse. Dramatic Irony is also brought into the structure as a build in tension, the audience know the reasons that Romeo acts affectionate towards Tybalt is because he has just married Tybalts kinsman Juliet. One of the elements of this play is that some of the personalities of the characters change and some do not. For example Benvolio is constant throughout the play and continues to try to peace keep. Whereas Romeos character changes as he becomes the central main lead as Mercutio gets killed off. With this he turns from a loved up naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve child, to a mean killing machine. Mercutio is definitely one of the most popular and entertaining characters within the play. He may be considered a fool of his time. His death shocks most people even the murderer as he becomes the first loss of the play. This is the first peak of what is one of Shakespeares four tragedies. He dominates everyone and always gets one better with his skilled mouth of wit. Tybalt however is quite the opposite. He fights with his physical sense of strength and brutality. He is not one of the most liked in the play as he is cocky and rude. However he may not be as demonized as the play suggests as there is dramatic irony that Tybalt is now a kinsman to Romeo in which he hates. Characters like Capulet and Montague give us a taste of what the ancient grudge is really about. For example on line 182 lady Capulet says Romeo must not live. She orders this to the Prince, the most authorative character in the Play. He declines her request with Immediately we do exile him hence. He is superior and justice. The Prince may be fore the Montague side as Mercutio is a kinsman of the Prince and Romeo is his best friend which may show bias to his character. Elizabethans were flamboyant to look superior, clever, smart and important. They dressed modernly to their time with tights and ruffles around their necks. They also spoke skillfully with many devices such as puns, for example Mercutio, even as he is dying looks for dignity as he says Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Mercutio is known in this play for using wit like no other, attacking Tybalt for every word he says and for also using bawdy humor to humiliate him. Heres my fiddlestick. Characters like Juliet utilize elaborate language like oxymoron, for example Loving hate makes her words more passionate. Shakespeare also constructs in a few similes and metaphors which expresses their descriptions. One of the most famous devices exploited in the play is Imagery which is expressed many times; the most well known example is in Act 3, Scene 5 when Romeo and Juliet are arguing whether it is night or morning and are painting pictures with their words, talking about larks and nightingales song. It was the lark, the herald of the morn, no nightingale. Romeo also quotes Nights candles are burnt out. This means the stars have gone. Stars and the moon are generally the best renowned imagery in the play. Syntactical inversions are also used in the play to create emphasis on some of the words, or even to create suspense. Juliet is specifically clever with words as she uses double meanings sometimes as she talks to her mother, I never shall be satisfied with Romeo till I behold him; dead is my poor heart. In these lines Juliet is tricking her mother; her thinking that Juliet wants him dead in her arms, Juliet however means that she will not be happy until Romeo is in her arms and dead is her heart till that moment. Devices that could be added are slapstick humor; Shakespeare did not write any stage directions accept exeunt and enter which could give the director big options to change this into his view. Overall, Act 3, Scene 1 is one of many turning points in the play. It is when two main characters are murdered and Romeo changes character. However there are many other turning points in this performance that if never happened would be a comedy act. For example in Act 1, scene 5 when Romeo and Juliet speak for the first time changes the play and gradually introduces Juliet into being a main character.

Memories of home free essay sample

Driving up to the house, my house, the tires screech to stop as the carts tires also most to the rhythmic symmetry that I have come accustomed to my whole life. As the car comes to a full and complete stop everyone clicks off their seat belts and the big van door slides open and everyone moves like a well-oiled machine to exit the car. Someone locked thee front door so one of the kids runs through the side of the house to open the door.Like little white mice all the children move and to their separate ways throughout the house to occupy their short attention span and in no time at all everyone is either watching television or on a computer or screaming and yelling at each other. The time with my family is so special but I appreciate when they are gone from the house so I can have it to myself. We will write a custom essay sample on Memories of home or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I love making miniature campfires in the backyard which is the largest in the neighborhood. The wind blows throughout the trees and the smoke gently sifts vertically up toward the canopy.These are some of my favorite times I remember Just sitting on my bed, Innocent and wondering about nothing I would hear the rain fall from the sky and the cars moving through the rain where the ires would sift the water to either side of them. What an awesome feeling the rain can make. It is not a bad feeling. Its not a depressing feeling. It is a feeling of youth. And not caring about anything other than where the rain is coming from. Just sitting on my cold bed I have a weird feeling of warmth.As I have the comfort of the fireplace downstairs warming the house In such a natural way. As If It does not matter how wet you get or how low one can go the fire In Its secure position makes me feel secure. And when I get wet from the water from the sky, the fire will dry away he cold In my bones. The sound of rain Is one that Is hard to explain. Its Like the soft clapping of hands in a certain rhythm come together and feel so natural. I miss the sound of rain, and simply rain Itself, It feels Like I have not seen or been In rain for years.I honestly cannot remember the last time I was In It. The rain at my grandparent house In the country was truly amazing, It Is some of my favorite times. I love the sound of the rain of the tin roof that then forces the flow of the water down the hill. I love most Is the smell of the Inside of that place. There Is a feeling you get when you are nice and warm Insole the house and for a moment you walk outside onto the porch and you are not getting wet. You can almost feel the water plashing upon you and you love It.Again the fire Inside Is the stropping, without the fire there Is nothing to be admired. If you get wet you will stay wet unless you change you clothes, what an amazing feeling to have such a fire to huddle around as a family and talk and watch a moving then go to sleep as the rain continues to pour. To be In that place. Pure serenity. Total abandonment. Memories of home By thruways times I remember Just sitting on my bed, innocent and wondering about nothing I fireplace downstairs warming the house in such a natural way. As if it does not matter how wet you get or how low one can go the fire in its secure position makes the cold in my bones. The sound of rain is one that is hard to explain. Its like the soft clapping of hands in a certain rhythm come together and feel so natural. I miss the sound of rain, and simply rain itself, it feels like I have not seen or been in rain for years. I honestly cannot remember the last time I was in it. The rain at my grandparent house in the country was truly amazing, it is some of my favorite times. He hill. I love most is the smell of the inside of that place. There is a feeling you get when you are nice and warm inside the house and for a moment you walk outside upon you and you love it. Again the fire inside is the stropping, without the fire there is nothing to be admired. If you get wet you will stay wet unless you change you talk and watch a moving then go to sleep as the rain continues to pour.

Global Business Environmental Forces Essay Example

Global Business Environmental Forces Essay Example Global Business Environmental Forces Paper Global Business Environmental Forces Paper The analysis and interpretation of the report is solely based on the small survey, questionnaire limited to few aspects of B and interviews with the manager of the organizations. The major content of this report is based on the analysis of the impact of biographical characteristics on employee output, ability job fit, personality and organization fit, comparison of motivational practices, desirable and non desirable behavior Of employee at work. Regarding our analysis, we have tried to compare our results with general view. In some cases, it showed similarity and in some cases there were contrasting results. Because of the time factor, employees biases and small sample size survey, our results could not be generalized and compared with any empirical evidence, so we may have had contrasting results. To motivate employees, both the organizations use the practices of giving bonuses, fringe benefits, festival leaves and allowances, regular job rotation, trainings, appraisal system and others. The desirable behavior in both the organizations can be numerated as time and efficiency concern, commitment to duty, initiative and resourceful, dependability, willingness and readiness to perform, interpersonal skills, arsenal effectiveness where some of the undesirable behaviors were indiscipline, unreliability, job incompetence, unethical behaviors, unsystematic and unrecognized approach to job. Buddha Air and Yeti Airlines concentrates on modern technological advances to design a systematic communication channel, participatory management, more training programs and workshops, rewards system to effectively manage its employees. : Global Business Environment Forces Business environment is the total situation of all the factors or forces surrounding and influencing operation and development of a business firm r company. The CIFS center for management research state that the global business environment can be defined as the environment in different sovereign countries, with factors exogenous to the home environment of the organization, influencing decision making on resource use and capabilities. Forces outside the firms traditional boundaries are increasingly important in determining the firms success. These forces in the environment of business differ among nations and over time, continually confronting the firm with new issues that require modifications in strategies and management practices. Global business and marketing strategies are highly influenced and determined by the findings an analysis of foreign and international environmental forces. Simply knowing the demand situation, customers behaviors and operational forces in market is inadequate. In the case of international business or marketing a detailed analysis of environmental forces must be done. The environmental forces that play an important role are as follows: 1 Political forces 2. Legal forces 3. Socio-culture forces 4. Economic and socio-economic forces 5. Financial forces 6. Labor forces These factors and changes in them present both threats and opportunities that require shifts in marketing plans. To spot trends and other signals that conditions may be in flux, marketers must continually monitor the environment in which their companies operate. To get a better idea of how they affect a firms marketing activities, lets look at each of the areas of the external environment. . Political forces: The political environment in a country influences the political climate, stability and security, types of government and philosophies, nationalism, political kiss, international and diplomatic relations, etc. 2. Legal forces: The legal environment includes legal system, international laws and institutions, all legal provisions on trade and investment that affect the operation and development of foreign business firms and companies, and enforcement mechanism. 3. Socio-culture environment forces: It includes attitudes, beliefs, customs, religions, etc. Of the people. . Economic and socio-economic environment forces: It includes income and distribution of income, production costs, consumption expenditures, demographic features and distribution, etc. 5. Financial forces: Financial forces include inflation, monetary situation, foreign exchange market, policies and reserves, etc. 6. Labor forces: Labor forces includes composition, skills, attributes union, strikes, etc. Economic and Socio-economic Forces The economic and socioeconomic forces of a country stand to be most important in gearing the growth and the development Of the country. It is needless to mention that these economic and socio economic forces are variable and keep changing from one country to another. While the economic forces become accountable for the great changes and movements in many entries, the socioeconomic forces collectively lead to changes in many societies. The impact of the forces is ever changing and depends on numbers of factors ranging from the social, political and economical externalities. Many economic policies together may make upheavals in many societies. Again, there are many societies where social values, beliefs and philosophies lead to considerable alterations of the economic system of the society. Moreover, there are many societies, where the impact of the economic and socioeconomic forces has been immense with all their effects on the society n the whole. Hence, the impacts of these forces are variable and are controlled by numbers of additional factors. Below there is discussion on the economic and social forces that lead to changes in the societies. Economic forces correspond to the nature and course of the economy within which the business operates. Economic factors always have their tremendous impacts on the business for organizations. The common state of the economy for instance, depression, recovery, or prosperity, recession, interest rate, stage of the economic cycle, fiscal policy, balance of payments, monetary policy, are mom of the key variables In corporate employments, investment, and the pricing decisions. The effect of growth or turn down in GNP or the gross national product and increases or decreases in the interest rates, inflation, and the price of the dollar are held as the prime instances of considerable impact on the business operations. In order to evaluate the local situation, an organization may seek information relating to the economic base and prospect of the region and in addition, the impacts of this viewpoint on the unemployment, wage rates, non-refundable income, and mostly on the remonstration and commercial bases. The state of the world economy is most critical for organizations working in such regions. The social forces are no less impacting when compared to the economic forces. Social forces comprise societal trends, traditions, consumer psychology, values, and a societys opportunities of business. The subsequent factors are some of the main concerns in the social environments. Ecology, for instance, pollution and global warming, demographics for instance, feeble workforce in developed countries, population growth rates, and the high educational requirements are all important factors. In addition to these factors, quality of life comprising standard of living, safety, education, health care, and many of the uneconomic activities are also main factors. Furthermore, social issues can rapidly become political and even officially permitted issues. Social forces are often become decisive because of their impact on peoples behavior. For an association to survive, the good or service must be required, thus customer behavior is referred as a split environmental behavior. Behavioral factors also make impacts on the organizations from inside, specifically, the employees and the organization. A societys prospects of business present other constraints and opportunities. These expectations originate from miscellaneous groups referred to as the stakeholders. Stakeholders comprise an organizations members of the board of directors, owners or the stockholders, creditors, managers and operating employees, customers, suppliers, distributors, and other interest groups at the broadest level, stakeholders comprise the common public. Levels of Economic Development Developed: A classification for all industrialized nations, which are the most technically developed. A developed country or more developed country (M DC), is a override state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less developed nations. Most commonly the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GAP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HID) rating. However, many anomalies exist when determining developed status by whichever measure is used Developed countries produce large quantities of goods, services, and in general do a lot of manufacturing. Countries such as these use science to improve technology and generally have good health care and education for their people, as well as adequate food, clothing, and housing. The characteristics of developed countries Developed countries are countries whose lives are patterned industry that has the following characteristics. . Average income per capita of the population is generally high. B. Education level of high average population. C. Life expectancy of the population average height. D. Population grog. VT rate per year is relatively small. E. The death rate per year is relatively small population. F. Life-style market economy. G. His wide and varied field. H. Economic activity in most industry sec tors, as well as export commodities. I. The majority of the population lives in cities. J. Relatively high level of population health. Developing: A classification for lower income nations, which are less technically developed. A developing country, also called a less-developed country OLD),is a nation with a low living standard, underdeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HID) relative to other countries. There are no universal, agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed, and which countries fit these two categories, although there is general reference points such as the size of a nations GAP compared to other nations. Developing countries practice subsistence farming and often have a poor income, clothing, and housing. Very few people in developing countries receive proper health care or education, and life expectancy is elatedly short. Most developing countries also lack the resources needed for economic growth. The characteristics of developing countries General characteristics of the developing countries are as follows. A. Average income per capita of the population were generally low. B. Education levels low average population. C. Life expectancy lower average population. . Population growth rate per year is quite high. E. The mortality rate is relatively high population per year. F. Livelihoods of the population is generally patterned agrarian. G. Narrow the field work. H. Commodity exports of raw materials, rather than processed ingredients. I. The majority of the population live in rural areas. J. Low levels of population health. K. High unemployment figures. Newly industrialized economies (Nines): The fast-growing upper-middle-income and high income economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The terms newly industrialization economies (Nines) or newly industrialization countries (Nice) first appeared in the late sass to refer to a small group of developing countries that had been successful not only in industrialization rapidly but in expanding their exports of manufactured products. These countries fell into two groups. Several large countries in Latin America that had industrialized through high levels of tariff protection, particularly Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, began at various points to promote exports of nontraditional products. The Latin American Nice did develop more diversified export structures that included labor-intensive light manufactures and even some intermediate and capital goods, but export-promotion policies were not always vigorously pursued and did not generate adequate foreign exchange to service rising external debt. The term NINES was Often used to refer exclusively to a second group Of East Asian countries: the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Korea and Taiwan industrialized in the 1 sass through import- substitution, and Singapore and Hong Kong were initially commercial entree ¶TTS. The transition to export-led growth was somewhat different in the four cases, but there are important similarities in their groom paths. All initially exploited their comparative advantage in light, labor-intensive manufactures, gradually diversifying into technology-, skill-, and even capital- intensive goods. All depended heavily on the U. S. Market and attempted to attract export-oriented foreign direct investment. Newly industrialization countries (Nice): The four Asian Tigers and the middle-income economies such as Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Chile, and Thailand. The category of newly industrialized country (NICE) is a socioeconomic, classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. Nice are countries whose economies have not yet reached developed country status but have, in a macroeconomic sense, outpaced their developing counterparts. Another characterization of Nice is that of nations undergoing rapid economic growth(usually export-oriented). Incipient or ongoing industrialization is an important indicator of a NICE. In many Nice, social upheaval can occur as primarily rural, or agricultural, populations migrate to the cities, where the growth of manufacturing concerns and factories can draw many thousands of laborers. Nice usually share some other common features, including: * Increased social freedoms and civil rights. * Strong political leaders. * A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in he manufacturing sector. * An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world * Large national corporations operating in several continents. * Strong capital investment from foreign countries. Political leadership in their area of influence. Economic Dimensions Important Economic Indicators Gross National Income (IN) The Gross national income (IN) consists o the personal consumption expenditure, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abroad (net income receipts), and he gross exports of goo ds and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes. The IN is similar to the gross national product (GNP), except that in measuring the GNP one does not deduct the indirect business taxes. For example, if a British-owned company operating in another country sends some of their incomes (profits) back to I-J, Auks IN is enhanced. Similarly, a British production unit of a IIS company sending profit to the LIST will affect the British IN but will not reduce it since it is not included in the first place. An alternative approach to measuring IN at market prices is as the aggregate value of the balances of gross primary incomes for all sectors IN/ capita The GNP (Gross National Product) per capita of a country shows the average value of goods and services produced by each person each year. This is then divided by the total population to get an average earnings per person underground economy: The part of a nations income that, because of unrelenting or underreporting, is not measured by official statistics. Underground economy is undeclared legal production, production of illegal goods and arrives, and concealed income in kind. As a general rule, the higher the level of taxation and the more oppressive the government red tape, the bigger the underground economy will be. Estimates of the underground economy vary widely because of the different methodologies used to compile them; also, people who have undeclared income are not likely to admit it and be liable to prosecution for tax evasion. In addition to reducing the total taxes paid to government, the underground economy can result in distortion of economic data, which managers must take into account when using these data for equines decisions. Currency conversion Another problem with IN estimates is that to compare them the Anis in local currency must be converted to a common currency Conventionally the dollar by using an exchange rate. To overcome this deficiency, the UN international comparison program has developed a method of comparing Anis that is based on purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity Purchasing power parity (APP) is a theory which states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate teen two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries price level of a fixed basket of goods and services. When a countrys domestic price level is increasing (I. E a country experiences inflation), that countrys exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to APP. I The relative version of APP is calculated as: Where: S represents exchange rate of currency 1 to currency 2 Pl represents the cost of good x in currency 1 UP represents the cost of good x in currency 2 The simplest way to calculate purchasing power parity between two countries s to compare the price of a standard good that is in fact identical across countries. Every year The Economist magazine publishes a light-hearted version of APP: its Hamburger Index that compares the price of a McDonalds hamburger around the world. More sophisticated versions of APP look at a large number of goods and services. One of the key problems is that people in different countries consumer very different sets of goods and services, making it difficult to compare the purchasing power between The IN per capita; APP (US dollar) in Nepal was last reported at 1 260 in 2011 , according to a World Bank report published in 2012. IN per capita based on purchasing power parity (APP).

Disparities in Health Care and African Americans Distrust in Essay

Disparities in Health Care and African Americans Distrust in Physicians - Essay Example Susan., Jenny, K. Miller and Lily, A. Arasatnam, 2003). Disparities are also seen in the unwillingness of African Americans to participate in clinical trials due to distrust (Giselle, Stephen and Diane, 2002).Research has also shown that African Americans seek treatments less frequently than the whites, they are also less likely to accept physicians at the end of life due to views that there is nothing that can be done. As a result, African Americans have a larger share of the burden linked to mental illness and other diseases. They are also resistant to accept decisions that save life as they do not trust physicians to promote their best interests at the end of life care (Siminoff and Robert, 1997).Studies have also shown that, if an African American patient pays a visit to a white physicians, there is less involvement in decision making, less partnership, lower rates of trust and lower levers of satisfaction in the care (LaVeist, Kim, and Janius, 2000).Lack of treatment may be due to absence of resources, insurance obstacles, cultural believes, attitudes and mistrust in the health care institutions. Disparity in health care is also due to lack of knowledge among the African Americans hence they have misconceptions which may preclude them from adopting such medications as viable forms of treatment (Schnittker, 2004).Such misconceptions includes the belief that treatments are ‘experimentally’ or mind altering. Studies have also shown that religious orientations can also reduce the willingness to take Psychiatric medications especially if they are deemed as ineffective in comparison to divine influence (Schnittker, 2004). Trust is also very important for all medical decisions such as using Psychiatric medications and adherence to medical regimens. Trust plays a very critical role in those cultures that have indigenous traditions that are contrary to treatment methods. It is therefore an important component of physician-patient

Compensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compensation and Benefits - Essay Example It wanted to be recognized as one of the finest places to work. To actualize that vision and mission, Nike implemented an incentive program in correlation with the mission. In any organizations including Nike, the workers do their duties for personal motivations like money (salary), but their motivation will get a great boost if they receive additional financial rewards, promotions and recognitions. When the reward component is analyzed from the perspective of organization's mission, it does somewhat supports Nike's mission. That is, Nike's mission is "To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world" (Nike Business, n.d.). Even though, this mission is customer centric, to achieve that mission the employees have to work effectively. To make the employee at Nike work effectively, the incentive program plays an important role. The incentive program implemented inside Nike perfectly fits with its resources. That is why, Nike has introduced an incentive program called Performance Sharing Plan, which correlates with the company's performance. "Performance Sharing Plan (PSP) - Nike has an annual bonus plan that rewards employees based on Nik e's performance (to reward team success) and individual performance (to reward your contributions to that success)." (The New York Job Source, 2008). As the program rewards the workers who perform up to the expected level, it meets the expectations of the employees. Importantly, this incentive program is fully attracting and retaining the employees. That is, Nike by rewarding and giving incentives to the deserving and 'success achieved' employees through this program and other programs is making them stick to the organization. This system is very flexible because it changes according to the performance of Nike. That is, if the employees perform optimally and raise organizational productivity and profits, they will be rewarded optimally. As this program is applicable to all types of employees, it cannot be tailor made for specific workers. On the whole, this incentive program functions as one of the main motivating factors for the employees, making them stick to the organization and thereby helped Nike reach the status of the world's number one maker of athletic shoes, equipment and apparel. When organizations fail to reward the employees appropriately, it could wean way the workers from the group decision making process and the resultant work teams. That is, some times or even frequently, the management overriding tried and trusted individuals could give important posts and responsibilities to individuals with negative attributes. If this practice is followed in the organisation, it will create disenchantment among the workers and will destroy team work. This ritual of awarding plum posts, rewards, incentives, etc, to the inappropriate members by the leader or the management team is not a norm in Nike. Nike rewards the employees in an unbiased manner. As mentioned above even this main incentive program of Performance Sharing Plan is applicable to all performing employees. Because of this strategy, workers in Nike are not banding together in a kind of mutual pr otection society with a culture of its own, but unite as work teams and are working in unison for the organizations. Unison of workers into teams with an urge to usher an organization into a successful endeavor will actualize, if the

Fieldwork report Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fieldwork report - Personal Statement Example While reporting this session, I will also examine these aspects. Being a senior registered nurse in a Hong Kong Hospital, it is part of my duty to teach the fellow nurses and nursing students. In my work as an infectious disease nurse, coming across patients with infection is a daily routine, but as a nurse, I must be able to follow the hospital guidelines regarding infection containment. There are certain theoretical principles that guide these infection prevention policies, and isolation is one of them. Like every hospital, our hospital also sends suspected patients to isolation so spread of a particular infection and related contagious disease is prevented (Hospital Authority, 2006). There are certain places where such a patient is to be restricted during the span of the disease, and once the patient is no longer contagious, the patients is discharged to a step-down unit. The relevance of these guidelines are to be understood by the students and nurses, so they can follow the hospital guidelines accurately based on their understanding on the t opic (Preventing Transmission). After I was entrusted to conduct a teaching session, I made thorough preparation to design the course content, the audiovisual aids, and hand out questionnaire to assess knowledge of the participants at the end of the session. The date of my session was scheduled to be on September 18, 2008. Report on the Session The session was held on September 18, 2008, in the hospital lecture theater. It was a well illuminated, spacious sound-proof room with state of the art and comfortable seating arrangement. There was a modern public address system, and the teacher is supposed to talk through it. The audiovisual head sets were available for each student, but since the group was large, all new headsets could not be arranged for all. At the end and also in the feedback form, quite a few of the students complained about disturbed hearing, and sometimes, they could not even follow the lecture (Bahn, D., 2001). There was a podium, where I was standing and talking, and the podium had been structured in such a manner that all students can have an equal view. There was computer set up in the room, an internet connection, and the computer was connected to an LCD projector. The functions of these were checked and rechecked before the session began so technical failure does not happen. I must accept that once on the podium, I was feeling a little shaky, by voice was dry, and was perplexed for a moment or two, not able to pick my words. However, I was careful to demonstrate openness of my personality, and in the introduction while setting my topic, I made it clear that we shall learn together. This broke the ice, and a healthy learning environment was set up immediately (Bastable, S., 2003). I also informed that whenever they think they are having difficulty following, they are welcome to stop me and ask questions, and I would heartily entertain them. I also mentioned that there are time constraints in the programme, and they should not ask anything unnecessary or irrelevant during the session. At the end of the s

The Personal Research Project Animation Essay

The Personal Research Project Animation Essay This research document was undertaken to discover and analyse character acting in animation, and the different methods used to express emotion and thought process. The document is focused around how an audience is influenced by techniques of character acting, and what elements contribute to its believability. Research of various literature, articles and online sources have been ventured to aid the analysis and conclusion. The evidence researched, suggests that thought process must occur before an action takes place by the character. Developing a character with empathy through their emotions helps the audience relate to them, contributing to a richer, more believable outcome. Various techniques are used to express thought process and emotion, however, discovery has led to the understanding that body language can be just as expressive without dialogue. Internal thought process is best expressed through a characters eye movements in conjunction with body language. Introduction The aim of this research document is to gain a deeper knowledge and understanding of how acting methods in character animation can be utilised and articulated to express emotions through the display of internal thought processes in a character. This research will explore the methods used by animators to create the illusion of life and discover how it can become believable and engaging for the audience. Acting is defined as the art of practise of representing a character on a stage or before cameras and derives from the Latin word agere, meaning to do an obsolete meaning for the word acting is animate. (John Kundert-Gibbs, 2009, p4) Research will be applied to specific methods of real/stage acting to develop an understanding of acting in character animation. Background to the Research Animate verb /annimayt/ 1. bring to life or activity. 2 give (a film or character) the appearance of movement using animation. adjective /annimt/ alive; having life. Derives, animator noun. Origin, Latin animare, from anima life, soul. (Oxford English Dictionary) Animation has been thought to have originated over 35,000 years ago, after the discovery of ancient wall paintings in places like Altamira and Lascaux; which depicted various types of humans, objects and animals as Richard Williams (2001, p13) explains, sometimes with four pairs of legs to show motion. In the early 1800s, Williams shows (2001, p14-15) that there were various different devices developed for the sole purpose of creating an illusion of movement such as the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistoscope, the Zoetrope, the Paxinoscope and the Flipper book. All these devices were based on the rediscovery, in 1824, of The persistence of vision by Peter Mark Roget. The principle of this rests, on the fact that our eyes temporarily retain the image of anything theyve just seen. (Williams, 2001, p13) In 1896, this sparked the interest of Thomas Edison, who ended up publicly releasing a combination of drawings, drawn by James Stuart Blackton, in sequence called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. Since then, we have seen many different approaches to the genre of animation. With the rise of Disney animation studios, in 1928, Steamboat Willie was introduced with synchronised sound and a new character, Mickey Mouse. By 1936, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released which received amazing success. This was the starting point of the Golden Age of animation which was shortly followed by the popular Disney titles: Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and Fantasia. It wasnt until November, 1995 that Toy Story, the first full-length computer animated film was released by Pixar Animation Studios. This sparked another new era of animation. Studios like Dreamworks and Blue Sky soon followed. Acting in animation has been adopted as the key element for creating believability in an animated sequence, But to make these designs work, the movements have to be believable which leads back to realism What we want to achieve isnt realism, its believability. (Williams, 2001, p.34) All animated acting is designed to give a character personality and believability. Just like in stage acting. Doron Meir (2008) explains that believable acting is a result of the audience feeling a characters actions of its own inner motives. Williams (2001) notes that animation principles that were developed by Disney Studios very early on, are still being used today in all types of animation to bring characters to life. Research Question How are emotions and internal thought processes expressed through techniques of acting in character animation to make characters believable and engaging to the audience? Survey of Literature Works Acting is a very broad subject, and can be applied to many different genres of acting for stage and camera. Animation has had a direct influence by the techniques and discoveries on how to portray a character through movement. This is why To the Actor: On the Technique of Acting by Michael Chekhov is an ideal choice that links directly to acting. Chekhov is famously known for his in-depth acting methods, and has stood as an iconic teacher for famous actors of today. Chekhov reflects on the methods used to call up emotions, develop characters and strengthen awareness as an actor. All these things help to develop specific Psychological Gestures that he explains within the book, that show the audience what the character is trying to express through body language, which is also the key to a characters believability in an animated sequence. To get a more specific understanding of how characters move, and the principles surrounding character animation as an art, The Animators Survival Guide by Richard Williams is an in-depth manual on the style and techniques of hand-drawn animation. Containing the specific principles used by animators to achieve believable movement. Williams has been one of the true innovators, and serves as a link between the golden age of animation by hand and new computer animation successes. (Williams, 2001, blurb) Everything in this book relates to the overall aim of producing a character that moves in a believable way. Acting relies on these techniques that are shown through drawing methods of frame by frame animation. By adopting these techniques, animators can be taught to study the anatomy of the human body to further understand how to produce successful animated characters. The analysis of how characters display emotion needs to be taken into account throughout this research. Acting for Animators by Ed Hooks explains the tried and tested methods in acting that reflect personality and feeling within a character. This book takes us through Hooks lessons on acting and the theoretical approach behind his techniques. Empathy occurs a lot in this book, answering the need to create characters with feeling, for the audience to empathise with. Analysis into character movement and acting by example will allow the discovery of techniques used in popular film. Acting in Animation: A Look at 12 Films is a second book by Ed Hooks, where he analyses twelve different animated films, going through chapter by chapter, describing the expressive and emotive methods used in each scene. Led by these film examples, the techniques discovered through research, can be firmly reinforced. Theoretical Approach for Selecting Data Data will be collected, analysed and displayed from a variety of published secondary sources including: books, articles, web articles, web blogs and conferences. All data and necessary information will be collected for the purpose of research, but will not all be related to the analysis of animation. Acting technique and method will be the main subject source of research, which will provide a broader context to base opinions, ideas and thoughts discovered in secondary literature sources by other people in the industry. Literature sources containing examples of proven practise will be used to further enforce the topic of research. Description of Proposed Practise By an extended discovery and analysis on the subject of character acting in animation, I plan to produce at least six interesting and achievable artefacts that reflect the knowledge gained through this research document, that will provide further understanding about how emotion can allow an audience to empathise with an animated character. The preliminary design practise will include the development of key character poses to emphasise specific emotions directly influenced by an internal thought process. This will then indicate how a character can be developed further into a collection of believable animation sequences. Each artefact plans to contain one of the six basic emotions, as stated by Ed Hooks, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36) Characters used will be designed and rigged by a secondary source, which will provide a simple, easy to use marionette for the purpose of animation. Dialogue will not be used, as this may stand as a distraction from the emotions that are aimed to be expressed through body language and facial expressions. These artefacts will provide a clearer understanding of subconscious body movements that are often overlooked. Discussion Character animation can take many forms within the context of animation in both the traditional sense as well as in modern computer animation. The following principles were developed and named: 1. Squash and Stretch 2. Timing and Motion 3. Anticipation 4. Staging 5. Follow Through and Overlapping 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose 7. Slow In and Out 8. Arcs 9. Exaggeration 10. Secondary Action 11. AppealPersonality in character animation is the goal of all of the above. (John Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) Lasseter explains that these specific traditional animation principles and techniques developed in the 1930s by Walt Disney Studios should be incorporated into all animated media especially character animation to develop characters look to make them more realistic and entertaining (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44) Richard Williams explains, The old knowledge applies to any style of approach to the medium no matter what the advances in technology. (2001, p. 20) This shows that successful, believable animation of all types have spawned on the basis and influence of these traditional principles and techniques. Richard Williams also tells us that, in relation to classical and computer animation, Both share the same problems of how to give a performance with movement, weight, timing and empathy. (2001, p. 20) This underlines a key point into the advances of technology in animation, showing that 3D animation software packages only act as a technique of animating and not an easier way to influence believable movement. Lasseter explains, To make a characters personality seem real to an audience, he must be different than the other characters on the screen. A simple way to distinguish the personalities of your characters is through contrast of movement. No two characters would do the same action in the same way. (1994) Creating a unique character, develops its personality. John Kricfalusi (2006) reminisced of how he got drawn in by Chuck Jones cartoons, noticing the unique expressions he drew. Specifically as an example, the way he draws two whites of the eyes joined together, one bigger than the other to form a D-uh expression. We can see that individuality is very important when introducing personality to a character, Chekhov (1953, p.83) explains on the subject of characterisation, that particular features indigenous to a character; like a typical movement, manner of speech, recurrent habit, odd way of walking and so on, expresses the finishing touches to a character. Characters become more alive and more human with this small feature. Hooks (2000, p.36) explains, When we speak of creating the illusion of life in animation, it boils down not to mannerisms and naturalistic movement, but to emotion. Hooks continues to state that theoretically speaking, emotion is the essential element of acting as the point of empathy for the audience. Hooks, Empathy is as essential to dynamic acting as oxygen is to water. (2000, p.9) Characters of all descriptions, in an attempt to make them believable to an audience, need to have a particular personality. The audience needs to be directly affected by a characters on-screen emotion, to really feel a sense of empathy. Without, the audience will lose interest easily and the objectives within the storyline can diminish. Hooks (2000, p.41), reflects on Charlie Chaplin as one of the most influential comedians that used a great deal of empathy in his work to touch the audiences emotions. He explains that his innovation as a performer has had a huge influence on the world of comics and animation. As Chuck Jones has said I admire Chaplin very much because you could see him think, and plan, and you cared for him. (Hooks, 2000, p.40) Chaplins unique relationship with the audience has seen a great influence on character animation from the beginning of Walt Disneys profession. Dick Huemer (Hooks, 2000, p.40), Disney storyman, tells us Walt had an image of Mickey Mouse as a little Chaplin. In order to successfully accomplish empathy within a character, there needs to be elements of individuality to provoke emotions. These can be developed through simple recurring mannerisms that correlate with the characters thoughts and actions. In every respect, the audience needs to be the main influence when deciding a characters actions. Hooks states humans express six basic emotions, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36) He also tells us that there is disagreement on whether facial expression is primarily a reflection of the inner emotional state, or if it is simply a social display. Hooks concludes that it could be either, depending on the situation. Emotion can be expressed through both facial expression and body language, although the influence of each method can be different. Williams (2001, p. 324) believes that words should be kept to a bare minimum and as an animator, make everything as clear as possible through pantomime using only the body to tell the story. The movements of the body are thought about a lot more by animators than real actors, as animators have to create it rather than do it, although the physical expressive nature of emotions are identical. Different types of feelings can be expressed easily as Chekhov shows, grasping or catching (greed, avarice, cupidity, miserliness) roughly with palms turned earthward lusts to overpower, to possess. (1953, p.67) Equally, Chekhov (1953, p.73) explains here that in order to build up your characters expressive nature, hands and arms should act first for example; hands up near the chin expresses unavoidability and loneliness, palms turned outward displays self-defence and slight humour is evoked when bending the three middle fingers of each hand. Hooks agrees, The truth is that our hands and arms are the most expressive parts of our bodies. (2000, p.60) An example to this, Hooks demonstrates, Arms folded across the chest indicate that the person is closed, intractable When you are embarrassed, you tend to shrink in space. (2000, p.62) This reveals that many body language patterns in human figures are emphasised through the movement of hands and arms. Williams (2001, p. 324) explains a method called Twinning where arms and hands are doing the same thing, symmetrically. He teaches that this is used to show authority by preachers, leaders, politicians and so forth. Kevan Shorey agrees that, Symmetry is a good way of adding force to an action to get a point across! (2008) Both animators, believe that twinning should be broken up to avoid an exact mirror image of movements that would produce unbelievable messages to the audience. Jeff Lew (2004) explains that to make twinning animation look more interesting, the perspective of shot needs to be changed so they dont physically look identical at a particular camera angle. Walt Disney in 1930s found that expression is better when the whole body is involved and not only the face, Movement begins in the area of your navel and radiates outwards into your limbs. (Hooks, 2000, p.60) John Kricfalusi (2006) explains that animators have evolved a style that has become more stagy than live action by reading characters emotions through body language and poses. Evidentially, facial expressions arent enough to provoke a meaningful emotion, and that the whole body needs to be articulating through hand gestures and arm movements to compliment facial expressions, to achieve a believable emotion through a character. In an example from Toy Story 2, Hooks notes, She (Jessie) doesnt simply greet Woody enthusiastically, she turns him over and gives him nuggies! She tosses him this way and that. Her emotion is leading her to energetically celebrate. (2005, p.90) This is a specific example of how body language is reflecting emotion successfully. If this same bit of acting was acted on the stage, or in front of a camera with real actors it would have a very different outcome. The emotion may be similar, but another way of emphasising actions used in animation is through exaggeration. Shawn Kelly (2009) informs us that he was taught to exaggerate something more than it should be, then double it. Exaggeration is one of the original animation principles. Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) suggests exaggeration of characters by the animator must be very carefully chosen. If there is too much distortion it could result in an unrealistic look. Looking back much earlier, to 1927, the classic film Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans was released. Without synchronised dialogue, films of this era had to rely on the characters acting and the backing compositions as the two main elements for the story. Sunrise is considered one of the finest films of the silent era, and Janets Gaynors performance is one its greatest virtues Her supple face and soulful eyes convey a range of thoughts and emotions that pages of dialogue could only suggest. (DeFreitas, 2009) Later, DeFreitas (2009) tells us that Sunrise became a winner of the 1929 Best Picture Oscar for Unique and Artistic Production. This film sets as an evidential example of how acting without dialogue can influence and empathise with an audience just as good, if not more so. Often in animation, Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44) explains that the eye can easily pick up when the motion of a character seems to die, which can come across as looking particularly fake and unbelievable. To overcome this loss of motion, Lasseter uses a moving hold which is a technique used that continues the motion of a body part after an action. This breaks up the animation and results in a smoother and more believable sequence. Preston Blair (Hooks, 2001, p.60), states that an actor should never pause without a specific reason, and when a pause occurs, it should be shown for long enough so the audience can register it. These are both techniques that engage the audience into what the character is acting out. Before a movement of any sort can occur, thought processes need to become apparent through the character. Hooks outlines, Thinking tends to lead to conclusions; emotion tends to lead to action. (2000, p.1) Hooks defines a thought process as a method in discovering a conclusion. Lasseter (1994) mentions that every movement of a particular character must exist for a reason, and, ultimately, develop feelings in a character through their thought processes. As an observation, before a human being puts his body into action, a thought process must occur. In animation, this thought process must be shown to the audience to illustrate believability of an action that has just been revealed. To show a thought process in a character, Disney animator/teacher Eric Larson shows a technique, in Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnsons Illusion of Life, The subject gradually lowered his brows into a frown paused and then lifted one brow and glanced to the side, you immediately would sense a change from one thought to another (Richard Williams, 2001, p.320) This action was discovered when the first Mickey Mouse shorts were being created, and stands as a key element into how change of expression can reflect a meaningful thought process. Shawn Kelly (2009) expresses his ideas, explaining that there isnt anything more important than showing a characters thought process and changes which occur within it to provoke emotions and actions. It is down to these thought processes, he concludes, that drives everything we do. Looking at character animation in Toy Story 2, Hooks (2005, p.87) explains how Woodys realisation that Andy has gone to camp without him, leads him to his express sadness (emotion) which then leads him to withdraw to the back shelf, out of sight. He adds that, The more specific the characters thought process, the better the performance. (2005, p.87) Thought process in character animation, as mentioned, is very important for believability. This has been true for many years since the beginning of Disneys Golden Age in animation. Walt Disney said, In most instances, the driving force behind the action is the mood, the personality, the attitude of the character-or all three. Therefore, the mind is the pilot. We think of things before the body does them. (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 21:4) It is widely agreed that thought process is the main building block that needs to be perfected and shown successfully in any animated character. Bill Tytla (Hooks, 2005, p.3), concluded that the pose is a reaction to something. Hooks refers to Aristotle, Aristotle referred to this as a unity of action small actions that lead to a bigger action, or objective. This simple rule lies at the base of all acting theory. An action without a thought is impossible, and action without an objective is just a mechanical thing, moving body parts. (Hooks, 2005, p.4-5) Aristotle finds that the thought process of a character separates a character with life to a robotic, lifeless machine. As mentioned earlier, Eric Larsons technique of showing a thought process in a character is very believable. But more specifically, it has been discovered that the eyes are the most important parts of the character to express and emphasis these thoughts. Williams (2001, p.325) advises on how the eyes are the focal point that people watch in a character. As an example, he notes, When listening on the phone the eyes flicker around in a Staccato fashion reflecting the listeners shifting thoughts in reaction our eyes are rarely still. (2001, p.326) The eyes, the driving force behind a characters actions. Kelly agrees that decisions can be reflected successfully with the eyes, They will very often dart their eyes around a bit as they consider and weigh their options. Its almost as if they are reading an imaginary list of possible choices! (2009) Lasseter (1987), explains that eyes lead before the action, and that the only time they wouldnt lead, would be if there was an external force acting upon the character. He mentions further, that the trick to showing thought process through the eyes of a character is with anticipation. The eyes should move first, followed by the head and then the rest of the body. The eyes of a character are the windows to its thoughts; the characters thoughts are conveyed through the actions of its eyes. (Lasseter, 1987) As well as eye movements, the timing and speed of a characters blinks can also affect the outcome of what is portrayed as a thought process. Kelly (2009), explains that different blinks can offer up our own different perceptions of what the character is thinking. A ton of blinks will feel as though the character is going to cry, is nervous, uncomfortable, shy, or possibly relieved after a big build up; while very little to no blinking will either feel dead, stoned worried, angry, or just very intense. (Kelly, 2009) Kelly teaches that blinks should be there for a reason to further enhance a particular emotion. Before an animator can even start to animate a particular thought process, they need to know about the character to be able to understand what they would be feeling at a certain moment, in an attempt to achieve a believable outcome. The most important foundation of believable character acting starts with finding out about a specific character. Williams states, Got to get inside the character. What does he/she/it want? and even more interesting why does the character want it? (2001, p.20) To develop our understanding of what a character is thinking, and in order to provoke emotion in a character, these questions need to be posed. Ed Hooks also explains to us that, Every character in a scene should be able to answer the question. What am I doing? in a theatrical sense. In other words, what action am I playing in pursuit of what objective? And what is the obstacle/conflict? (2005, p.89) Just like this, in the context of acting for an audience, Michael Chekhov suggests to, Ask yourself what the main desires of the character might be (1953, p.67) This approach sets the scene for any character in order to discover what the characters personality is trying to portray in what they are thinking or doing. Hooks notes, If you want to understand what a character is feeling, it is best to start by asking what the character is thinking and what his value system is. (2000, p.2) To understand how a character must move, the animator needs to discover the atmosphere and influence of the obstacle that the character is being confronted with. Only then can a thought process occur, and a feeling be evoked by a specific situation or conflict. Jeff Lew (2004) , expresses his thoughts on the development of a characters bio before learning how a character will react in any animated scene. This develops further understanding of a characters background that could be significant in influencing the way their emotions are expressed. This evidence shows us that there are a lot of elements contributing to developing a characters emotional state and to make it believable to the audience. To develop his understanding of a character and what they are thinking, Ed Hooks uses a definition coined by Michael Chekhov called a Psychological Gesture, which, Chekhov explains as the psychology of a character containing thoughts, feelings and a human free will which is expressed physically through external feelings, thoughts and desires. Hooks gives the example, Have you ever noticed someone who wrings his hands a lot while hes talking? A Bully punches someone in the chest with his finger. That is a psychological gesture. (2000, p.66) A psychological gesture is an internal thought process, manifesting itself into an external action to express an emotion. Chekhov gives an acting example, The qualities which fill and permeate each muscle of the entire body, will provoke within you feelings of hatred and disgust. (1953, p.64) The above, is very similar to the way animators approach the discovery of a characters psychological gesture by calling up ideas of how thoughts can influence the emotions that are displayed. Conclusion Character animation, in both the traditional and computer medium, rely heavily on the original animation principles that were discovered by Disney Studios. This emphasises how improvements in 3D animated software are used as only as a tool for the creation of animation, and does not rely on the computer to make things look believable by itself. Analysis has shown that acting techniques in animation are almost identical to stage and film acting. It is the exaggeration of body language and the ability to adapt a character in specific detail that sets it apart. It is evident that the emotional state of a character is a direct influence of its thought process. Thought process can be best expressed through body language to enhance an emotion. This research has lead to discover that eye movements are one of the focal points that enhance a characters thought. Emotions need to be manifested into an external, physical body movement, however slight, in order to engage an audience. The conclusion to the discussion has shown that creating empathy as a result of expressing an emotion, is the key element for engaging any audience. A characters believability is successful when an audience can relate to it in some way or another. This can be done by giving a character a personality through mannerisms and specific body language. Bibliography and List of Works CHEKHOV, M., CALLOW, S To The Actor: on the technique of acting, Oxon: Routledge, 2002 DEFREITAS, J MOVING PICTURES: Motion and Emotion in F.W. Murnaus Sunrise, 2009, http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2009-0212/article/32219?headline=MOVING-PICTURES-Motion-and-Emotion-in-F.W.-Murnaus-Sunrise- HOOKS, E., BIRD, B Acting for Animators, Portsmouth: Heinemann 2000 HOOKS, E Acting in Animation: A Look at 12 Films, Portsmouth: Heinemann 2005 KUNDERT- GIBBS, J, Action! Lessons for CG Animators, Oxford: John Wiley Sons, 2009 KRICFALUSI, J Personal Blog, 2006, http://johnkstuff.blogspot.com KELLY, S Animation Mentor Blog, 2009, http://www.animationtipsandtricks.com LASSETER, J Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation, Siggraph, 1987, http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/animation/character_animation/principles/prin_trad_anim.htm

Walmart Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Walmart Case Definition of Main Problem: There can be no argument that Wal*Mart has revolutionized the discount retailing industry. Furthermore, CEO Glass and COO Soderquist have stepped in at the helm of this company and continued to take it in the right direction by quadrupling sales and profits from 1987 to 1993. The main problem they now face is how to sustain their phenomenal performance, and becoming number one has magnified this issue. No longer can they just sneak into small towns where the only competition is the local merchant’s shop. No longer can they copy larger companies like Sears and J.C. Penny’s because of their size and scope. The fact is, Wal*Mart is bigger than these companies and their direct competitors Kmart and Target are doing everything in their power to close that gap. They are lurking not so quietly in the shadows, benefiting from Wal*Mart’s past choices, successes, and failures. They are there to blow the whistle if Wal*Mart steps outside the lines. Wal*Mart may be growing, but at a rate under 10% for the first time in years. Shareholders are concerned, the press is relentless, and many obstacles lie in their path if they hope to continue the trends Sam Walton set so ambitiously in 1962. Analysis: With one of their main issues being sustained profitability, Wal*Mart is at a critical time in their life. They are no longer the hero, a place commonly reserved for competitors striving to be number one, because Wal*Mart is number one. No one can debate how effective they have been in getting here. Through their focus on superior technology and low cost leadership, Wal*Mart reigned supreme. They are redefining Porter’s five forces model in the discount retailing industry, and are in the enviable position of having first mover’s advantage. Yet this blessing is also a curse. By virtue of their efficient, effective system and its proven success, companies like Kmart and Target are watching closely and both emulating and improving upon this system. An analysis of the five forces model will show Wal*Mart’s main competitive advantages in supplier power and barriers to entry. A look into their distribution centers and how they have been instrumental in reducing supplier power will be followed by an analysis of how effective first mover advantage has been and where they must take it next. Early in the history of... ...rn to introduction and growth as opposed to decline). Thirdly, there are areas both domestic and abroad relatively untouched by Wal*Mart: large cities. Though it may seem like untapped potential in these markets, it is not recommended to expand in these highly populated areas. The axiom, â€Å"If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it,† applies: If Wal*Mart were to do an about-face and start expanding in this form, it would send mixed signals about not only changes in the corporate strategy, but also about the future of this conglomeration of stores. This is especially poignant at this volatile time in the price of their stocks. They should also be extremely cautious in the acquisition of existing discount retailing companies. As the industry becomes more concentrated, Wal*Mart’s selectivity in large acquisitions extends beyond just profits. Many times, Wal*Mart could better spend their resources by improving existing stores or building new ones because they can build them around their ideologies at a much lower cost than through purchasing other companies. Again, this is not to say they should not expand in this manner, just that they need to be extremely selective when doing so.

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS â€Å"WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS† By: Astrid Leony Longdong / 043 2010 0004 Dwi Setiawati Endi / 043 2010 0009 Candice Hermawan / 043 2010 0011 Mella Melia / 043 2010 0016 Lecturer: Indra V. A. Krishnamurti, S. Sos, M. Asian St. Date/Day: Thursday, 27th September 2012 [pic] INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN KARAWACI 2012 WOODROW WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS 8th President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, played a very dominant role in the end of World War I with his Fourteen Points, which also known as Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The Fourteen Points as set forth by Wilson can be seen as the following: 1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind, but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. The purpose is clearly to prohibit treaties, sections o f treaties or understandings that are secret.It is proposed that in future every treaty be part of the public law of the world and that every nation assume a certain obligation in regard to its enforcement. Nations cannot assume obligations in matters of which they are ignorant; and therefore any secret treaty tends to undermine the solidity of the whole structure of international covenants which it is proposed to erect. 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.It refers to navigation under the three following conditions: (1) general peace; (2) a general war, entered into by the League of Nations for the purpose of enforcing international covenants; (3) limited war, involving no breach of international covenants. Simply said, it is meant free navigation of all seas. 3. The removal, so far as possibl e, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.The proposal means the destruction of all special commercial agreements, each putting the trade of every other nation in the League on the same basis, the most-favored-nation clause applying automatically to all members of the League of Nation. This is now what we known as free trade in which all economic barriers between countries will end. 4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest points consistent with domestic safety. â€Å"Domestic safety† clearly implies not only internal policing, but the protection of territory against invasion and the reduction of weapon numbers. . A free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty , the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. The German colonies and any other colonies which may come under international consideration as a result of the war. The stipulation is that in the case of the German colonies the title is to be determined after the conclusion of the war by â€Å"impartial adjustment† based on certain principles. . The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire.The treatme nt accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. The problem of these nationalities is complicated by two facts: (1) that they have conflicting claims; (2) that the evacuation called for in the proposal may be followed by Bolshevist revolutions in all of them. Therefore the evacuating of the territory, if it resulted in class war, would very probably also take the form of a conflict of nationalities.It is clearly to the interests of a good settlement that the real nation in each territory should be consulted rather than the ruling and possessing class. 7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the n ations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another.Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. The only problem raised here is in the word â€Å"restored. † The restoration is to be in kind or how the amount of the indemnity is to be determined is a matter of detail, not of principle. Among the consequences may be put the war debt of Belgium. The recognition of this principle would constitute â€Å"the healing act† of which the President speaks. In short, Belgium should be independent as it was before the war. 8.All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. As the world stood in 1914, war between France and Germany was not in itself a violation of international law, and great insistence should be put upon keeping the Belgian case distinct and symbolic. The status of Alsace-Lorraine was settled by the official statement.The best solution would seem to be a free choice by the [people of] Luxembourg themselves. 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. A conflict with Greece appears through the Greek claim to northern Epirus, or what is now southern Albania. This would bring Greece closer to Valona than Italy desires. A second conflict with Greece occurs over the Aegean Islands of the Dodecanese, but it is understood that a solution favorable to Greece is being worked out.Italy's claims in Turkey belong to the problem of the Turkish Empire. 10. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomou s development. The United States is clearly committed to the program of national unity and independence. It must stipulate, however, for the protection of national minorities, for freedom of access to the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and it supports a program aiming at a confederation of Southeastern Europe. 11.Rumania, [Serbia], and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. This proposal is also altered by events. Serbia and Rumania wil have 11 or 12 inhabitants and will be far greater and stronger than Bulgaria.Balkan states should be allowed for self-determination and guarantees of independence. 12. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development; and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. A general code of guarantees binding upon all mandataries in Asia Minor should be written into the Treaty of Peace.This should contain provisions for minorities and the â€Å"open door. † The trunk railroad lines should be internationalized. 13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenants. The principle on which fronti ers will be [delimited] is contained in the President's word â€Å"indisputably. This may imply the taking of an impartial census before frontiers are marked. The chief problem is whether Poland is to obtain territory west of the Vistula, which would cut off the Germans of East Prussia from the empire, or whether Danzig can be made a free port and the Vistula internationalized. 14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small [states] alike.The principle of a League of Nations as the primary essential of a permanent peace is the foundation of the whole diplomatic structure of a permanent peace in order to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were well received by the public either home or abroad, but many foreign leaders, such as David Llyoid George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vi ttorio Orlando were very skeptical about it[1]. Those who were skeptical doubted whether it could be effectively applied to the real world.Clearly, from his Fourteen Points alone, in which he issued as a basis for peace on January 1918, Woodrow Wilson was an idealist. Instead of his famous Fourteen Points, the League of Nations and the World War I Peace Treaty were the products of his idealism. Wilson’s idealism, however, was not merely an idealism. It was more to crusading idealism, where his idealistic nature was apparent through his beliefs as a Christian[2]. His idealistic vision, especially Fourteen Points, had motivated the world with the core lists of what we have widely known now as self-determintation of peoples, free trade, disarmament, open diplomacy.Wilson’s thoughts have been enlighted the world in long term, and for most of it, Wilson did not present a way to achieve his goals[3]. So, he basically just lead people through the door he created, but people t hemselves had to figure out the rest of their own. Wilson, like most of the idealists, is characterized by thinking and planning based upon the ideas that are fit for a perfect world, or at least how a world should be perfect in an imperfect world.The only thing with most of idealists, in this case Wilson, was that he got the right and brilliant ideas, but no body’s in his era got his forward-thinking as he was in different state of mind and vision. It is clear that Woodrow Wilson has imprinted a lasting legacy to the world that we now know. His idealism has brought the world into such a dramatic make over in a better and positive way. Though some of his ideas seemed to be failed, like League of Nations for example, but he gave the world of what we call as the very first ideas and inspirations.People learned from his mistakes and made some kind of innovation that was based upon his failures, like the United Nations which was based on the failed League of Nations. So, in concl usion, Woodrow Wilson is one of well-known idealists and the most influential as well. For the world that we now live in and enjoy, it would not be as it is now (with free trade, the United Nations, and the other legacies) if it weren’t because of him. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"Woodrow Wilson-The Idealist Essay†.Free Essay Must Be Free! TM. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://essaymania. com/110139/woodrow-wilson-the-idealist Hickman, Kennedy. â€Å"World War I: The Fourteen Points†. About. com Military History. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I-The-Fourteen-Poin ts. htm â€Å"Paper Analysis: Realist vs. Idealist† Essay001. blogspot. com Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://essay001. blogspot. com/2007/11/realism-vs-idealism. html ———————– 1] Hickman, Kennedy. World War I: The Fourteen Points. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http:// militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwari/p/World-War-I-The-Fourteen-Points. htm [2] Essay Mania. com. Woodrow Wilson-The Idealist Essay. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http://essaymania. com/110139/woodrow-wilson-the-idealist [3] Essay001. blogspot. com. Paper Analysis: Realist vs. Idealist. Retrieved on September 26, 2012 from http://essay001. blogspot. com/2007/11/realism-vs-idealism. html