What Is the Copenhagen Interpretation

There is probably no area of science more bizarre and confusing than trying to understand the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. In the early part of the twentieth century, physicists such as Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and many others laid the foundation for understanding this bizarre realm of nature: quantum physics. The equations and methods of quantum physics have been refined over the last century, making astounding predictions that have been confirmed more precisely than any other scientific theory in the history of the world. Quantum mechanics works by performing an analysis on the quantum wavefunction (defined by an equation called the Schrodinger equation). The problem is that the  rule about how the quantum wavefunction work seem to  drastically conflict with the intuitions we have developed to understand our day-to-day macroscopic world. Trying to understand the underlying meaning of quantum physics has proven to be much more difficult than understanding the behaviors themselves. The most commonly taught interpretation  is known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics ... but what is it really? The Pioneers The central ideas of the Copenhagen interpretation were developed by a core group of quantum physics pioneers centered around Niels Bohrs Copenhagen Institute through the 1920s, driving an interpretation of the quantum wavefunction that has become the default conception taught in quantum physics courses.   One of the key elements of this interpretation is that the Schrodinger equation represents the probability of observing a particular outcome when an experiment is performed.  In his book The Hidden Reality, physicist Brian Greene explains it as follows: The standard approach to quantum mechanics, developed by Bohr and his group, and called the Copenhagen interpretation in their honor, envisions that whenever you try to see a probability wave, the very act of observation thwarts your attempt. The problem is that we only ever observe any physical phenomena at the macroscopic level, so the actual quantum behavior at the microscopic level is not directly available to us. As described in the book Quantum Enigma: There is no official Copenhagen interpretation. But every version grabs the bull by the horns and asserts that an observation produces the property observed. The tricky word here is observation.... The Copenhagen interpretation considers two realms: there is the macroscopic, classical realm of our measuring instruments governed by Newtons laws; and there is the microscopic, quantum realm of atoms and other small things governed by the Schrodinger equation. It argues that we never deal directly with the quantum objects of the microscopic realm. We therefore need not worry about their physical reality, or their lack of it. An existence that allows the calculation of their effects on our macroscopic instruments is enough for us to consider. The lack of an official Copenhagen interpretation is problematic, making  the exact details of the interpretation difficult  to nail down. As explained by John G. Cramer in an article entitled The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Despite an extensive literature which refers to, discusses, and criticizes the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, nowhere does there seem to be any concise statement which defines the full Copenhagen interpretation. Cramer goes on to try to define some of the central ideas that are consistently applied when speaking of  the Copenhagen interpretation, arriving at the following list: The uncertainty principle - Developed by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, this indicates that there exist pairs of conjugate variables which cannot both be measured to an arbitrary level of accuracy. In other words, there is an absolute cap imposed by quantum physics on how accurately certain pairs of measurements can be made, most commonly the measurements of position and momentum at the same time.The statistical interpretation - Developed by Max Born in 1926, this interprets the Schrodinger wave function as yielding the probability of an outcome in any given state. The mathematical process for doing this is known as the Born rule.The complementarity concept - Developed by Niels Bohr in 1928, this includes the idea of wave-particle duality and that the wave function collapse is linked to the act of making a measurement.Identification of the state vector with knowledge of the system - The Schrodinger equation contains a series of state vectors, and these vectors change over time and with o bservations to represent the knowledge of a system at any given time.The positivism of Heisenberg - This represents an emphasis on discussing solely the observable outcomes of the experiments, rather than on the meaning or underlying reality. This is an implicit (and sometimes explicit) acceptance of the philosophical concept of instrumentalism. This seems like a pretty comprehensive list of the key points behind the Copenhagen interpretation, but the interpretation is not without some fairly serious problems and has sparked many criticisms ... which are worth addressing on their own individually. Origin of the Phrase Copenhagen Interpretation As mentioned above, the exact nature of the Copenhagen interpretation has always been a bit nebulous. One of the earliest references to the idea of this was in Werner Heisenbergs 1930 book  The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, wherein he referenced the Copenhagen spirit of quantum theory. But at that time—and for several years after—it was also really the only interpretation of quantum mechanics (even though there were some differences between its adherents), so there was no need to distinguish it with its own name. It only began to be referred to as the Copenhagen interpretation when alternative approaches, such as David Bohms hidden-variables approach and Hugh Everetts Many Worlds Interpretation, arose to challenge the established interpretation. The term Copenhagen interpretation is generally attributed to Werner Heisenberg when he was speaking in the 1950s against these alternative interpretations. Lectures using the phrase Copenhagen Interpretation appeared in Heisenbergs 1958 collection of essays,  Physics and Philosophy.

Differences Between Modernism And Modernism - 1174 Words

There were two different periods that attempted to do something revolutionary. These two fields were the romantics period and modernists period. In the early twentieth century, both the romantics and modernists periods were known for artists disregarding the old rule-books and discovering new ground. Artists attempted to create something that was different from the past. Whether it was using a newer technique or expanding their creativity. The romantic period focused on the creativity of an individual’s art. However, after reading the two lectures, I believe the modernism period is when artists really started to discover innovative ways to create art. There were many artists in each genre of painting, composing, and poetry who had strong†¦show more content†¦One may not realize what he is trying to portray within his paintings. I found Picasso’s painting of â€Å"Guernica† rather interesting because of how unique and interesting it is. Picasso created th is photo to reenact what happened during Spain’s Civil War. In the 1930s, Spain was a part of a deadly civil war. The city of Guernica was ruined and thousand of people died throughout this war. There is a lot going on throughout this painting and to some, can seem overwhelming. When I first looked at this painting, I was confused how it looks like the war. This painting has no color to it and it also has very sharp angles. Picasso’s paintings do discard the old rule-book. This artifact discards the old rule-book in some ways but fails to discard the old rule-book in other ways. All of Picasso pieces of art break new ground because of the technique he used to create each piece. Creating a piece that has so many sharp angles and it overlaps each other. This painting looks like multiple paintings combined into one. Picasso used cubism in his paintings. Cubism is defined as a painting with exaggerated shapes that are rearranged to make a certain object. This means a human ’s face created by Picasso would not look like a normal face. It would be created out of shapes and different angles. Picasso was known for creating these types of paintings. Cubism gave new paintings more volume when in the past, paintings didn’t have this type of technique and didn’t haveShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1411 Words   |  6 PagesThere are a lot of differences between modernism and postmodernism. The first is that modernism began in the late 19th century and lasted until the 20th century, specifically from the year 1890s to 1945. According to Oak (2008), â€Å"†¦ modernism and postmodernism highlights the difference in the approaches towards life.† A good example would be, during the modernist era rational and logical thinking was encouraged as well as being objective and postmodernism does not and is subjective. My chosen majorRead MoreDifferences Between Modernism And Postmodernism1576 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the key differences between Modernism and Postmodernism as architectural movements? I was looking at differences and similarity between the Modern and Post-modern Architectures movement in the 20th century’s, and found inspiration in the movements and the way the two movements has made a massive impact in the world of Architecture world Modernism Looking into the modernRead MoreDifferences and Similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism863 Words   |  3 PagesTo fully appreciate the differences and similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism, it is required to understand exactly what they are. 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The post-modernism architecture, however, is called a â€Å"neo-eclectic, significantly assuming the role of a regeneration of period styles for designing houses, and a never-endingRead More Dialectic Neocapitalist Theory In The Works Of Tarantino779 Words   |  4 PagesTarantino and Derridaist reading In the works of Tarantino, a predominant concept is the concept of dialectic truth. However, Baudrillard promotes the use of modernism to read and modify class. Many desituationisms concerning the role of the participant as poet exist. If one examines prematerial Marxism, one is faced with a choice: either accept modernism or conclude that the task of the participant is deconstruction, given that prematerial Marxism is invalid. Therefore, the premise of dialectic neocapitalistRead MoreEssay on Difference of Modernism and Post Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pages Modernism and Post Modernism Have you ever wondered what the differences are between the modernism and post modernism? 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Unwanted Sexual Experiences Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Unwanted Sexual Experiences. Answer: Introduction This article is going to give a summary on the topic unwanted but consensual sex among adults. It will discuss about the fact that how recent research has shown that people give their consent to sexual activities like petting kissing and even intercourse but however they do not want to, therefore many people has started engaging themselves in sexual interaction through social media which is known as sexting and give a brief summary on this topic. Further it will give a critical evaluation on this particular topic and will give a review on the ideas and arguments that is being presented and finally. Lastly it will give a conclusion by jotting down the major points of the argument and giving an overall gist of the research article. Summary This article deals with some major issues of our society and how peoples psychology works, the communication these days are mostly dependent on the computer-mediated communication like social networking and texting, has become very popular in terms of personal communication among the adults. Sexting has become a major mode of consensual communication. These sexual behaviors have become a regular thing in the extended world. These computer mediated communication have become more popular because these take less persuasion and the conversation can be entirely fabricated. Therefore the main objective of this research is to examine the frequency of unwanted but consensual sexting as well as the motivations foe attachment patterns associated with this behavior. This type of activity is mainly done by young adults of this generation and has been found between this age group. The characteristic of these types of sexual activity in a relationship are a subjected to this sexual compliance. (Bu rkett, 2015) The researchers suggest that approximately one half of the sample has engaged in unwanted but consensual sexting with a committed partner. It has been observed that mostly these types of consensual sexting are done for flirtation or foreplay to fulfill their respective partners need. This research basically shows that how the computer is becoming more real for people than the real world. People have become so dependent on this technological world to fulfill their needs from this as well. This article includes the field of exploring the use on groups, individuals and society. To an extant this behavior also comes from the emotional stability of a person. For instance it has been reported that 50% of women reported engaging in unwanted consensual sex as opposed 35% men. (Tobin, Drouin, 2013) According to the research this difference is because the sexual urges of a man is much more than a woman and therefore just meet their partner sexual urges most of the women gave int o unwanted consensual sex with which they can satisfy their need. This article shows how the non virgin females also support this unwanted consensual sex as this save their virginity and fulfill their needs. It has been a plus for both men and women as for those men who are shy and are not comfortable, and it is also good for women who want to save their virginity and yet experience consensual sex through sexting. Critical Evaluation According to Lehrer, Lehrer and Koss (2013), the prevailing model of sexual wanting polarizes sexual activities into two varieties, the wanted consensual sexual activity and the unwanted non consensual sexual activity. Other than the basic logical cause of this type of computer-mediate sex is that to an extent its safe, but research has shown that there are people who are in a romantic relationship and have desire of getting intimate with their partner, yet they avoid it and stick to sexting just because they fear that their respective partners might abandon them. Therefore they stick to this cause just because of fear. According to Akre et al., (2013), people who have high attachment anxiety are more inclined towards sex for emotional intimacy and closeness. On the other hand people who avoid attachment and emotional closeness they are more into casual sex. In this research according to the primary research it shows that a great number of women are subjected to both anxious and avoi dant attachment and they are more driven towards unwanted but consensual sexual experience. This kind of consensual sex might take the generation towards a negative environment which will make a robotic society. There will be no intimacy and emotion left, sexting or any kind of interaction makes a person more distant from the real world. On the other hand Drouin, and Tobin (2014), stated that by both men and women has different reason for engaging themselves into this unwanted sex. According to the secondary data this type of activity is mainly done by young adults of this generation and has been found between this age group. For the young generation and especially for girls it has become even safer as there is no fear of getting pregnant, therefore through this consensual sex, they can fulfill their needs as well. According to Katz and Schneider (2015), this kind of sexual relationship is changing the world into robotic place; this can push people towards emptiness. It made every i ndividuals relationship more complicated, it is understood that these days life has been busy and thereafter people have no time to communicate to each other. Social media has already brought a tremendous change in the word; it has already decreased face to face contact with people and now the most private and special intimacy. As per Jozkowski (2014), most of the young adults think that this is an easy access to intimacy and most of the youngster promotes intimacy in this gesture. Researchers believe that in this way they are able to satisfy their partner and avoid the tension of getting pregnant. This new idea has given out both positive and negative effects in the society. However this will end up in a more Conclusion The article shows that computer is taking up on human behavior. Initially people used to go behind technology to talk to each other and now they are going behind technology to have physical intimacy. As per the research this unwanted consensual sex has a strong outcome and people are encouraging this and adapting this way of intimacy. This article shows that the sexual need is there in every human being be it men or women, but their way to express it has changed with time. References Akre, C., Chabloz, J. M., Belanger, R. E., Michaud, P. A., Suris, J. C. (2013). Unwanted sexual experiences among adolescents: shedding light on the gray zone between consensual and non-consensual sex.International journal of adolescent medicine and health,25(1), 69-74. Burkett, M. (2015). Sex (t) talk: A qualitative analysis of young adults negotiations of the pleasures and perils of sexting.Sexuality Culture,19(4), 835-863. Drouin, M., Tobin, E. (2014). Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults: Relations with attachment and sexual motivations.Computers in Human Behavior,31, 412-418. Drouin, M., Ross, J., Tobin, E. (2015). Sexting: a new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?.Computers in human behavior,50, 197-204. Jozkowski, K. N., Sanders, S., Peterson, Z. D., Dennis, B., Reece, M. (2014). Consenting to sexual activity: The development and psychometric assessment of dual measures of consent.Archives of sexual behavior,43(3), 437-450. Katz, J., Schneider, M. E. (2015). (Hetero) sexual compliance with unwanted casual sex: Associations with feelings about first sex and sexual self-perceptions.Sex Roles,72(9-10), 451-461. Lehrer, J. A., Lehrer, E. L., Koss, M. P. (2013). Unwanted sexual experiences in young men: Evidence from a survey of university students in Chile.Archives of sexual behavior,42(2), 213-223. Tobin, E., Drouin, M. (2013). Sexting: a possible route to physical and sexual covictimization. In16th annual student research and creative endeavor symposium, Fort Wayne, I

Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? Paper O Romeo, Romeo. Brave Mercutios dead! shouts Benvolio in despair, informing Romeo that Mercutio had become the first fatality in a scene which shows that it is the heart of the play, and a main turning point in Shakespeares first tragedy. Leading to Romeos vengeance and eviction. This act exaggerates a twist of moments and is at the brink of Romeo and Juliet. This is what makes Romeo and Juliet one of the Shakespeares famous quartet of tragedies. Act 3, scene 1 has the most powerful and exiting words in the play. It contains the passionate and explosive words of Mercutio and the calming phrases of Benvolio. The Language itself is a combination of wit, humor, wordplay, prose, curses and more. Benvolio starts the scene nervously and anxiously with pathetic fallacy, the day is hot and Capulets abroad, speaking to Mercutio in blank verse. Mercutio then replies with no respect speaking in prose using wit and riddles to wind up Benvolio. Benvolios quarto echoes his speech in Act 1, Scene 1. As Tybalt enters, the language changes from random talk of nothingness and dreams to antagonizing wit and bawdy humor. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Act 3, Scene 1 a Turning Point in Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scene could easily be a comedy or a romance if it wasnt for what comes up next in this scene. As the first person becomes a victim in a brawl of both fighting and of extremities of language, this is what contributes to the scene being the turning point in the play. This play may a battle between 2 families to get rid of each other, but it is also a battle of wittiness and how smart you are. Romeo and Tybalt fight with words in Act 3, Scene 1 as Tybalt and Romeo argue in uneven 11 syllables Romeo then performs a classic caesura to get one better than him. The context of the speech and language is meaningful, and the way in which the line is read or understood by the audience can change it in many ways. The structure of Act 3, scene 1 is important to how it is a turning point in the play as whole. It plays a role of increased tension and excitement. The scene is arguably split up into 6 sections. The first in which is Tybalt enters and contains a number of 33 lines, it is quite long because Mercutio and Tybalt banter to each to each other with wit. This builds tension a little bit as it reflects back to the very beginning of the play where Benvolio and Mercutio have a conversation that if the Capulets arrive they shall not scape a brawl. The next virtual section is Romeo enters. This contains the varying tension, for example, just before Romeo enters Tybalt says well peace be with you the tension then drops but suddenly rises when he says, here comes my man. As there are only 18 lines in this segment the pace quickens in speed and does the tension and excitement. The longest division however is the Princes judgment, this contains 60 lines as it is descriptive and over viewing with Benvolios speech of plead and the Princes judgment of exile. This structure contains themes on which it may be set up, e.g. Love, violence, death, despair and vengeance. These are the main themes in the scene, however there are a few hidden ones also. Betrayal is one, Mercutio gets betrayed by Romeo as he loves Tybalt. This may also be a flashback as in Act 1 Scene 5 Juliet is betrayed by the nurse. Dramatic Irony is also brought into the structure as a build in tension, the audience know the reasons that Romeo acts affectionate towards Tybalt is because he has just married Tybalts kinsman Juliet. One of the elements of this play is that some of the personalities of the characters change and some do not. For example Benvolio is constant throughout the play and continues to try to peace keep. Whereas Romeos character changes as he becomes the central main lead as Mercutio gets killed off. With this he turns from a loved up naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve child, to a mean killing machine. Mercutio is definitely one of the most popular and entertaining characters within the play. He may be considered a fool of his time. His death shocks most people even the murderer as he becomes the first loss of the play. This is the first peak of what is one of Shakespeares four tragedies. He dominates everyone and always gets one better with his skilled mouth of wit. Tybalt however is quite the opposite. He fights with his physical sense of strength and brutality. He is not one of the most liked in the play as he is cocky and rude. However he may not be as demonized as the play suggests as there is dramatic irony that Tybalt is now a kinsman to Romeo in which he hates. Characters like Capulet and Montague give us a taste of what the ancient grudge is really about. For example on line 182 lady Capulet says Romeo must not live. She orders this to the Prince, the most authorative character in the Play. He declines her request with Immediately we do exile him hence. He is superior and justice. The Prince may be fore the Montague side as Mercutio is a kinsman of the Prince and Romeo is his best friend which may show bias to his character. Elizabethans were flamboyant to look superior, clever, smart and important. They dressed modernly to their time with tights and ruffles around their necks. They also spoke skillfully with many devices such as puns, for example Mercutio, even as he is dying looks for dignity as he says Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Mercutio is known in this play for using wit like no other, attacking Tybalt for every word he says and for also using bawdy humor to humiliate him. Heres my fiddlestick. Characters like Juliet utilize elaborate language like oxymoron, for example Loving hate makes her words more passionate. Shakespeare also constructs in a few similes and metaphors which expresses their descriptions. One of the most famous devices exploited in the play is Imagery which is expressed many times; the most well known example is in Act 3, Scene 5 when Romeo and Juliet are arguing whether it is night or morning and are painting pictures with their words, talking about larks and nightingales song. It was the lark, the herald of the morn, no nightingale. Romeo also quotes Nights candles are burnt out. This means the stars have gone. Stars and the moon are generally the best renowned imagery in the play. Syntactical inversions are also used in the play to create emphasis on some of the words, or even to create suspense. Juliet is specifically clever with words as she uses double meanings sometimes as she talks to her mother, I never shall be satisfied with Romeo till I behold him; dead is my poor heart. In these lines Juliet is tricking her mother; her thinking that Juliet wants him dead in her arms, Juliet however means that she will not be happy until Romeo is in her arms and dead is her heart till that moment. Devices that could be added are slapstick humor; Shakespeare did not write any stage directions accept exeunt and enter which could give the director big options to change this into his view. Overall, Act 3, Scene 1 is one of many turning points in the play. It is when two main characters are murdered and Romeo changes character. However there are many other turning points in this performance that if never happened would be a comedy act. For example in Act 1, scene 5 when Romeo and Juliet speak for the first time changes the play and gradually introduces Juliet into being a main character.